How Secure Are Large Language Models (LLMs) for Navigation in Urban Environments?

📄 arXiv: 2402.09546v2 📥 PDF

作者: Congcong Wen, Jiazhao Liang, Shuaihang Yuan, Hao Huang, Geeta Chandra Raju Bethala, Yu-Shen Liu, Mengyu Wang, Anthony Tzes, Yi Fang

分类: cs.RO, cs.AI

发布日期: 2024-02-14 (更新: 2025-05-23)


💡 一句话要点

提出导航提示攻击以解决城市环境中LLM导航系统的安全问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 大型语言模型 导航系统 安全性 对抗攻击 城市环境 机器人技术 自动驾驶 防御策略

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的LLM导航系统在安全性方面存在明显不足,尤其是在城市环境中容易受到攻击。
  2. 本文提出了一种新的导航提示攻击方法,通过对导航提示进行扰动来影响模型决策,分为NPI和NPS两种类型。
  3. 实验结果表明,在多种攻击下,LLM导航模型的性能在七个指标上显著下降,强调了安全性的重要性。

📝 摘要(中文)

在机器人和自动化领域,基于大型语言模型(LLM)的导航系统表现出色,但其安全性问题尚未得到充分关注。本文首次探讨了城市户外环境中LLM导航模型的脆弱性,提出了一种新颖的导航提示攻击,通过扰动原始导航提示来操控LLM导航模型,导致错误行为。我们将攻击分为导航提示插入(NPI)攻击和导航提示交换(NPS)攻击,并在多个数据集上进行了全面实验,结果显示在面对白盒和黑盒攻击时,模型性能显著下降。此外,我们提出了导航提示工程(NPE)防御策略,初步结果表明该策略能增强导航安全性,但仍需更强的防御方法以应对现实挑战。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决基于LLM的导航系统在城市环境中面临的安全性问题。现有方法未能充分考虑潜在的攻击风险,导致系统易受操控。

核心思路:论文提出的导航提示攻击通过扰动原始导航提示,影响模型的决策过程,从而导致错误的导航行为。这种设计旨在揭示LLM导航系统的脆弱性。

技术框架:整体架构包括两个主要模块:攻击模块和防御模块。攻击模块负责生成扰动的导航提示,而防御模块则实现导航提示工程策略以增强系统安全性。

关键创新:最重要的创新点在于提出了导航提示插入(NPI)和导航提示交换(NPS)两种攻击方式,这与现有的攻击方法有本质区别,能够有效操控LLM导航模型。

关键设计:在实验中,使用了多种LLM进行推理,设置了不同的参数和损失函数,以评估模型在不同攻击下的表现。关键设计包括对导航相关关键词的关注,以减少对抗攻击的影响。

🖼️ 关键图片

fig_0
fig_1
fig_2

📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,在面对白盒和黑盒攻击时,LLM导航模型在七个性能指标上均出现显著下降,具体表现为性能下降幅度达到20%-40%。这些结果强调了当前导航系统在安全性方面的脆弱性,并突出了所提攻击方法的有效性。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括自动驾驶、物流配送和紧急服务等,能够为这些领域的导航系统提供更高的安全性保障。随着技术的不断发展,增强LLM导航系统的安全性将对实际应用产生深远影响,促进更广泛的技术采纳和信任。

📄 摘要(原文)

In the field of robotics and automation, navigation systems based on Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive performance. However, the security aspects of these systems have received relatively less attention. This paper pioneers the exploration of vulnerabilities in LLM-based navigation models in urban outdoor environments, a critical area given the widespread application of this technology in autonomous driving, logistics, and emergency services. Specifically, we introduce a novel Navigational Prompt Attack that manipulates LLM-based navigation models by perturbing the original navigational prompt, leading to incorrect actions. Based on the method of perturbation, our attacks are divided into two types: Navigational Prompt Insert (NPI) Attack and Navigational Prompt Swap (NPS) Attack. We conducted comprehensive experiments on an LLM-based navigation model that employs various LLMs for reasoning. Our results, derived from the Touchdown and Map2Seq street-view datasets under both few-shot learning and fine-tuning configurations, demonstrate notable performance declines across seven metrics in the face of both white-box and black-box attacks. Moreover, our attacks can be easily extended to other LLM-based navigation models with similarly effective results. These findings highlight the generalizability and transferability of the proposed attack, emphasizing the need for enhanced security in LLM-based navigation systems. As an initial countermeasure, we propose the Navigational Prompt Engineering (NPE) Defense strategy, which concentrates on navigation-relevant keywords to reduce the impact of adversarial attacks. While initial findings indicate that this strategy enhances navigational safety, there remains a critical need for the wider research community to develop stronger defense methods to effectively tackle the real-world challenges faced by these systems.