EF1-Constrained Nash Social Welfare with Identical Additive Valuations: Complexity, Guarantees, and Experiments
作者: Zih-Sian Yang, Yi-Hao Chen, Yu-Te Kuan, Cheng-Jui Wu, Chuang-Chieh Lin, Po-An Chen
分类: cs.GT, cs.LG
发布日期: 2026-09-03
💡 一句话要点
提出PriorityNet以解决EF1约束下的Nash社会福利问题
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)
关键词: Nash社会福利 深度强化学习 资源分配 无嫉妒性 算法优化 EF1约束 加性估值
📋 核心要点
- 现有方法在相同加性估值下,最大化Nash社会福利(NSW)面临NP难度,且EF1约束下的福利保证不足。
- 论文提出PriorityNet,利用深度强化学习和前瞻性EF1动作屏蔽,确保每次物品分配后保持EF1。
- 在3000个测试实例中,PriorityNet在离线和在线环境下的NSW值分别达到0.9911和0.9701,显著优于基线方法。
📝 摘要(中文)
本文研究了在相同加性估值下,如何在个体之间分配不可分割的物品,重点关注至多一件物品的无嫉妒性(EF1)和Nash社会福利(NSW)。由于每个最大NSW分配在加性估值下都是EF1,因此相关的阈值问题继承了NSW最大化的NP难度。我们关注任意EF1分配所满足的福利保证,发现特定条件下可以获得更强的保证。通过引入PriorityNet,一个基于深度强化学习的框架,本文在多个测试实例中展示了优越的NSW值,证明了该方法的有效性。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决在相同加性估值下,如何有效分配不可分割物品以最大化Nash社会福利(NSW),同时满足至多一件物品的无嫉妒性(EF1)。现有方法在满足这些条件时面临NP难度和福利保证不足的问题。
核心思路:论文提出了一种新的深度强化学习框架PriorityNet,通过前瞻性EF1动作屏蔽,确保在每次物品分配后都能保持EF1,从而提高NSW的近似值。
技术框架:PriorityNet的整体架构包括状态表示、动作选择和奖励机制三个主要模块。状态表示用于捕捉当前分配情况,动作选择模块通过强化学习算法生成符合EF1约束的分配决策,奖励机制则用于优化NSW值。
关键创新:PriorityNet的最大创新在于引入了前瞻性EF1动作屏蔽技术,确保在分配过程中实时维护EF1约束,避免了后处理修复的复杂性。这一设计使得分配过程更加高效和可靠。
关键设计:在PriorityNet中,采用了Proximal Policy Optimization(PPO)算法进行训练,损失函数设计为结合NSW和EF1约束的复合目标,网络结构则基于深度神经网络,能够处理复杂的状态空间和动作选择。
🖼️ 关键图片
📊 实验亮点
实验结果显示,PriorityNet在3000个测试实例中,离线和在线环境下的NSW值分别达到0.9911和0.9701,相较于基线方法,离线和在线的胜负差率分别提高了27.10%和17.87%。此外,在线平均福利从0.9694提升至0.9701,表现出显著的改进。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用场景包括资源分配、市场交易和拍卖系统等领域,能够为公平和高效的资源分配提供理论支持和实践指导。通过优化Nash社会福利,能够提升社会整体福利水平,具有重要的实际价值和社会影响。
📄 摘要(原文)
We study the allocation of indivisible goods among agents with identical additive valuations, focusing on envy-freeness up to one good (EF1) and Nash social welfare (NSW). Since every maximum-NSW allocation is EF1 under additive valuations, the associated threshold problem inherits the known strong NP-hardness of NSW maximization under identical additive valuations and is strongly NP-complete. We therefore focus on welfare guarantees satisfied by arbitrary EF1 allocations. Although every such allocation is known to achieve an $e^{-1/e}$-approximation to the unrestricted optimal NSW, we identify conditions yielding stronger guarantees. Under uniform valuations, every EF1 allocation is NSW-optimal. Under an $\varepsilon$-small-item condition, every EF1 allocation achieves an explicit approximation ratio $ρ_n(\varepsilon)$ satisfying $ρ_n(\varepsilon) = 1-O(\varepsilon^2)$ as $\varepsilon\to 0$ for fixed $n$. We further consider the stronger sequential requirement that EF1 be maintained after every item assignment. For this setting, we propose \emph{PriorityNet}, a deep reinforcement learning framework trained using Proximal Policy Optimization and equipped with prospective EF1 action masking. The mask restricts every decision to assignments that preserve EF1, thereby guaranteeing prefix-wise EF1 by construction without post-processing repair. Across 3,000 test instances in each of the offline and random-order online regimes ($n\in[2,20]$ and $m\in[5,100]$), PriorityNet attains mean normalized $\operatorname{NSW}$ values of $0.9911$ and $0.9701$, respectively. Relative to offline Longest Processing Time (LPT) and online least-valued-bundle baselines, it achieves instance-wise win-minus-loss rates of $+27.10\%$ and $+17.87\%$, while matching the offline baseline's mean normalized welfare to four decimal places and modestly improving the online mean from $0.9694$ to $0.9701$.