Cliff: Learning Process Rewards from the First Mistake

📄 arXiv: 2609.02817v1 📥 PDF

作者: Peixuan Han, Runhui Wang, Ketan Ramaneti, Jie Hao, Gerald Friedland, Chris Kong

分类: cs.LG

发布日期: 2026-09-02


💡 一句话要点

提出Cliff以解决强化学习中奖励指导不足的问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture) 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 强化学习 奖励塑形 推理过程 语言模型 错误识别 细粒度监督 模型优化

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的强化学习方法在奖励指导上存在不足,尤其是在推理过程中的中间步骤缺乏有效反馈。
  2. Cliff通过识别推理过程中的第一次错误,将回合分解为正确和错误部分,从而提供更细粒度的奖励信号。
  3. 实验结果显示,Cliff在多种场景下显著提升了推理性能,超越了现有的在线蒸馏方法和标准GRPO。

📝 摘要(中文)

强化学习与可验证奖励(RLVR)已成为大型语言模型后训练的强大范式,但其对粗略结果奖励的依赖限制了对中间推理过程的指导。现有方法如过程奖励建模和在线蒸馏引入了额外约束,依赖于专门的奖励模型或假设教师与学生之间的推理模式相同。本文提出Cliff,一种奖励塑形策略,利用现成的LLM作为教师识别每次回合中的第一次错误,从而将回合自然分解为正确前缀和错误后缀。实验表明,Cliff在12种不同场景中一致提高推理性能,超越在线蒸馏15%和标准GRPO 7%。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文解决了在强化学习中,粗略的结果奖励对中间推理过程指导不足的问题。现有方法往往依赖于特定的奖励模型或假设教师与学生的推理模式一致,导致反馈不够有效。

核心思路:Cliff的核心思路是利用现成的LLM作为教师,识别每次回合中的第一次错误,并将回合分解为正确的前缀和错误的后缀,从而为后续的推理提供更有针对性的奖励信号。

技术框架:Cliff的整体架构包括两个主要模块:首先是错误识别模块,利用LLM识别推理过程中的第一次错误;其次是奖励塑形模块,将正确前缀赋予正向奖励,而错误后缀则给予负向反馈。

关键创新:Cliff的主要创新在于其奖励塑形策略,通过识别第一次错误来优化奖励信号的分配,与现有方法相比,提供了更细粒度的监督,避免了对错误推理的进一步评估。

关键设计:在设计上,Cliff采用了基于token的奖励机制,为正确的推理部分赋予正向优势,而错误部分则给予负向反馈。具体的损失函数和参数设置在实验中经过调优,以确保最佳性能。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,Cliff在12种不同场景中显著提高了推理性能,超越了在线蒸馏方法15%和标准GRPO 7%。即使在教师能力较弱的情况下,Cliff仍然表现出色,证明了其方法的有效性和通用性。

🎯 应用场景

Cliff的研究成果在多个领域具有潜在应用价值,特别是在需要复杂推理和决策的场景中,如自然语言处理、智能对话系统和自动化决策支持。通过提供更细粒度的奖励信号,Cliff能够帮助模型更好地理解和优化推理过程,从而提升整体性能。未来,该方法可能会推动强化学习在更广泛应用中的发展。

📄 摘要(原文)

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for large language model (LLM) post-training, but its reliance on coarse outcome rewards leads to limited guidance on intermediate reasoning processes. Existing approaches such as process reward modeling and on-policy distillation introduce additional constraints, such as reliance on a specialized reward model or assuming identical reasoning patterns between teacher and student. Nevertheless, we observe that once a reasoning process first goes wrong, evaluating the subsequent reasoning provides limited additional information, as it is already conditioned on an invalid prefix. Therefore, we propose Cliff, a reward shaping strategy that utilizes an off-the-shelf LLM as a teacher to identify the first mistake in each rollout. As a result, the rollout is naturally decomposed into two parts: a correct prefix and an incorrect suffix. Cliff then converts this signal into token-level advantages, assigning positive advantages for the correct prefix and negative feedback afterward. Experiments across 12 different scenarios demonstrate that Cliff consistently improves reasoning performance, outperforming on-policy distillation by 15% and standard GRPO by 7%, even with teachers of modest capability. Furthermore, we analyse the role of ``ground truth'' in Cliff and investigate its training dynamics. These results establish Cliff as a simple, general and effective approach for improving RLVR with richer, fine-grained supervision.