Counterfactual Reward Model Training for Bias Mitigation in Multimodal Reinforcement Learning
作者: Sheryl Mathew, N Harshit
分类: cs.LG
发布日期: 2025-08-27
💡 一句话要点
提出反事实奖励模型以缓解多模态强化学习中的偏见问题
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture) 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)
关键词: 反事实推断 多模态学习 强化学习 偏见缓解 公平性 奖励模型 因果推断
📋 核心要点
- 现有的偏见缓解方法多采用被动约束,容易在因果混淆下失效,导致策略优化不理想。
- 本文提出的反事实奖励模型结合因果推断和多模态表示学习,提供了一种无监督的偏见抵抗奖励信号。
- 实验结果表明,所提框架在假新闻检测中准确率达到89.12%,显著优于基线模型,并有效降低了偏见影响。
📝 摘要(中文)
在基于人类反馈的强化学习中,奖励模型可能会学习并放大多模态数据集中的潜在偏见,从而导致不完善的策略优化和公平性降低。本文提出了一种反事实奖励模型,通过引入因果推断与多模态表示学习,提供了一种无监督的、抗偏见的奖励信号。核心贡献是反事实信任评分,该评分由四个组成部分构成,经过在多模态假新闻数据集上的评估,系统在假新闻检测中达到了89.12%的准确率,超越了基线奖励模型,并减少了虚假相关性和不公平的强化信号。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决在多模态强化学习中,奖励模型学习并放大潜在偏见的问题。现有方法往往依赖被动约束,无法有效应对因果混淆,导致策略优化不理想。
核心思路:本文提出的反事实奖励模型通过引入因果推断,结合多模态表示学习,提供了一种无监督的、抗偏见的奖励信号,从而提高了策略优化的公平性和有效性。
技术框架:整体架构包括反事实信任评分的计算,该评分由四个部分组成:反事实偏移、重构不确定性、公平性规则的违反情况以及与动态信任度相关的时间奖励偏移。
关键创新:最重要的技术创新是反事实信任评分的设计,它将政治框架偏见与主题偏见分解开来,并通过动态信任度来调整奖励信号,显著区别于传统的奖励模型。
关键设计:在设计中,采用了合成偏见注入的方法,通过序列批次测试模型的鲁棒性,损失函数和网络结构经过精心调整,以确保模型在动态环境中的可靠性。
📊 实验亮点
实验结果显示,所提系统在假新闻检测中达到了89.12%的准确率,显著优于基线奖励模型,减少了虚假相关性和不公平的强化信号,展示了其在多模态强化学习中的有效性和鲁棒性。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用领域包括新闻验证、社交媒体内容监测以及任何需要公平性和准确性的多模态决策系统。通过提供抗偏见的奖励信号,能够在动态实时政策制定中提高决策的可靠性,促进公平性。未来,该方法可能扩展到其他领域,如医疗、金融等,提升系统的公平性和透明度。
📄 摘要(原文)
In reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF), reward models can efficiently learn and amplify latent biases within multimodal datasets, which can lead to imperfect policy optimization through flawed reward signals and decreased fairness. Bias mitigation studies have often applied passive constraints, which can fail under causal confounding. Here, we present a counterfactual reward model that introduces causal inference with multimodal representation learning to provide an unsupervised, bias-resilient reward signal. The heart of our contribution is the Counterfactual Trust Score, an aggregated score consisting of four components: (1) counterfactual shifts that decompose political framing bias from topical bias; (2) reconstruction uncertainty during counterfactual perturbations; (3) demonstrable violations of fairness rules for each protected attribute; and (4) temporal reward shifts aligned with dynamic trust measures. We evaluated the framework on a multimodal fake versus true news dataset, which exhibits framing bias, class imbalance, and distributional drift. Following methodologies similar to unsupervised drift detection from representation-based distances [1] and temporal robustness benchmarking in language models [2], we also inject synthetic bias across sequential batches to test robustness. The resulting system achieved an accuracy of 89.12% in fake news detection, outperforming the baseline reward models. More importantly, it reduced spurious correlations and unfair reinforcement signals. This pipeline outlines a robust and interpretable approach to fairness-aware RLHF, offering tunable bias reduction thresholds and increasing reliability in dynamic real-time policy making.