Self-Supervised Transformer-based Contrastive Learning for Intrusion Detection Systems

📄 arXiv: 2505.08816v1 📥 PDF

作者: Ippokratis Koukoulis, Ilias Syrigos, Thanasis Korakis

分类: cs.CR, cs.LG

发布日期: 2025-05-12

备注: Accepted at IFIP Networking 2025. Code available at https://github.com/koukipp/contrastive_transformers_ids


💡 一句话要点

提出基于自监督对比学习的变换器模型以提升入侵检测系统性能

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)

关键词: 入侵检测 自监督学习 对比学习 变换器模型 网络安全 异常检测 机器学习

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的入侵检测系统依赖标注数据,泛化能力不足,难以处理未见流量模式。
  2. 本文提出了一种基于变换器的自监督对比学习方法,通过数据包级数据增强自动学习流量表示。
  3. 实验结果显示,本文方法在同一数据集上异常检测AUC提升3%,跨数据集提升可达20%。

📝 摘要(中文)

随着数字环境日益互联,零日攻击的频率和严重性显著增加,迫切需要创新的入侵检测系统(IDS)。基于机器学习的IDS能够从网络流量特征中学习并区分攻击模式与正常流量,提供了比传统基于签名的IDS更先进的解决方案。然而,这些方法严重依赖标注数据集,并且在遇到未见流量模式时的泛化能力仍然是一个挑战。本文提出了一种新颖的基于变换器编码器的自监督对比学习方法,专门针对原始数据包序列的可泛化入侵检测。我们的方法结合数据包级数据增强策略与变换器架构,自动学习全面的数据包序列表示,显著提升异常识别任务和入侵检测的监督学习性能。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决现有入侵检测系统在处理未见流量模式时的泛化能力不足的问题。传统方法依赖于手工设计的统计特征,难以适应快速变化的网络环境。

核心思路:通过引入自监督对比学习,结合变换器架构,自动学习数据包序列的深层表示,从而提高对异常流量的检测能力。此设计旨在减少对标注数据的依赖,增强模型的泛化能力。

技术框架:整体架构包括数据包级数据增强模块和变换器编码器。数据增强模块生成多样化的输入,变换器编码器则负责提取和生成流量的有意义表示。

关键创新:本研究的主要创新在于将自监督学习与变换器模型结合,自动学习流量表示,显著提高了异常检测的性能,区别于传统的基于NetFlow的手工特征提取方法。

关键设计:在模型设计中,采用了特定的损失函数以优化对比学习效果,并在变换器架构中调整了层数和注意力机制,以适应数据包序列的特性。

📊 实验亮点

实验结果表明,本文提出的模型在同一数据集上异常检测的AUC提升了3%,在跨数据集评估中提升了高达20%。此外,模型在有限标注数据下的监督学习表现也优于现有的自监督NetFlow模型,提升幅度达到1.5%。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括网络安全、实时入侵检测和流量分析等。通过提升入侵检测系统的性能,能够有效防范网络攻击,保护用户数据安全,具有重要的实际价值和长远影响。

📄 摘要(原文)

As the digital landscape becomes more interconnected, the frequency and severity of zero-day attacks, have significantly increased, leading to an urgent need for innovative Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Machine Learning-based IDS that learn from the network traffic characteristics and can discern attack patterns from benign traffic offer an advanced solution to traditional signature-based IDS. However, they heavily rely on labeled datasets, and their ability to generalize when encountering unseen traffic patterns remains a challenge. This paper proposes a novel self-supervised contrastive learning approach based on transformer encoders, specifically tailored for generalizable intrusion detection on raw packet sequences. Our proposed learning scheme employs a packet-level data augmentation strategy combined with a transformer-based architecture to extract and generate meaningful representations of traffic flows. Unlike traditional methods reliant on handcrafted statistical features (NetFlow), our approach automatically learns comprehensive packet sequence representations, significantly enhancing performance in anomaly identification tasks and supervised learning for intrusion detection. Our transformer-based framework exhibits better performance in comparison to existing NetFlow self-supervised methods. Specifically, we achieve up to a 3% higher AUC in anomaly detection for intra-dataset evaluation and up to 20% higher AUC scores in inter-dataset evaluation. Moreover, our model provides a strong baseline for supervised intrusion detection with limited labeled data, exhibiting an improvement over self-supervised NetFlow models of up to 1.5% AUC when pretrained and evaluated on the same dataset. Additionally, we show the adaptability of our pretrained model when fine-tuned across different datasets, demonstrating strong performance even when lacking benign data from the target domain.