Improving Block-Wise LLM Quantization by 4-bit Block-Wise Optimal Float (BOF4): Analysis and Variations
作者: Patrick Blumenberg, Thomas Graave, Tim Fingscheidt
分类: cs.LG, cs.CL
发布日期: 2025-05-10
💡 一句话要点
提出BOF4优化块级量化以降低LLM内存需求
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)
关键词: 块级量化 大型语言模型 量化优化 混合精度 自然语言处理 模型压缩
📋 核心要点
- 现有的块级量化方法在量化过程中产生了次优的量化误差,影响了大型语言模型的性能。
- 本文提出了一种新的块级量化优化方法BOF4,旨在减少量化误差并提高模型性能。
- 实验结果表明,BOF4及其变体在语言建模任务中相较于基线方法显著降低了困惑度,提升了模型效果。
📝 摘要(中文)
大型语言模型(LLMs)在微调和推理过程中需要大量内存。现有的块级量化方法如NF4和AF4存在量化误差的不足。本文首次提出了一种块级量化的优化方法,设计了一种名为4-bit块级最优浮点(BOF4)的量化器,显著降低了量化误差。此外,提出了基于有符号绝对块最大值的归一化方法(BOF4-S),进一步减少量化误差并提高语言建模性能。通过实验研究,探索了准确表示零和大幅度权重的重要性,并引入了一种混合精度量化策略(OPQ),在4-bit块级量化技术中实现了最佳性能。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决现有块级量化方法(如NF4和AF4)在量化过程中产生的次优量化误差,导致大型语言模型在内存使用和性能上的不足。
核心思路:提出了一种优化块级量化的方法,设计了4-bit块级最优浮点(BOF4)量化器,旨在通过优化量化过程来减少量化误差。
技术框架:整体架构包括量化器设计、归一化方法的改进(BOF4-S),以及对不同量化变体的实验研究。主要模块包括量化误差优化、归一化处理和混合精度量化策略的实施。
关键创新:最重要的技术创新在于提出了BOF4量化器和BOF4-S归一化方法,这些方法在量化误差上优于现有技术,且在语言建模性能上表现更佳。
关键设计:在设计中,采用了有符号绝对块最大值进行归一化,优化了量化过程,并引入了混合精度量化策略(OPQ),以应对块级量化中的异常值分布问题。
📊 实验亮点
实验结果显示,采用BOF4及其变体的模型在困惑度上相较于传统4-bit块级量化方法有显著提升,具体性能数据表明,BOF4在量化误差上减少了XX%,并在语言建模任务中实现了最佳效果。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用领域包括自然语言处理、机器翻译和对话系统等大型语言模型的开发与优化。通过降低内存需求和提高模型性能,能够使得这些模型在资源受限的环境中更为高效地运行,具有重要的实际价值和广泛的应用前景。
📄 摘要(原文)
Large language models (LLMs) demand extensive memory capacity during both fine-tuning and inference. To enable memory-efficient fine-tuning, existing methods apply block-wise quantization techniques, such as NF4 and AF4, to the network weights. We show that these quantization techniques incur suboptimal quantization errors. Therefore, as a first novelty, we propose an optimization approach for block-wise quantization. Using this method, we design a family of quantizers named 4-bit block-wise optimal float (BOF4), which consistently reduces the quantization error compared to both baseline methods. We provide both a theoretical and a data-driven solution for the optimization process and prove their practical equivalence. Secondly, we propose a modification to the employed normalization method based on the signed absolute block maximum (BOF4-S), enabling further reduction of the quantization error and empirically achieving less degradation in language modeling performance. Thirdly, we explore additional variations of block-wise quantization methods applied to LLMs through an experimental study on the importance of accurately representing zero and large-amplitude weights on the one hand, and optimization towards various error metrics on the other hand. Lastly, we introduce a mixed-precision quantization strategy dubbed outlier-preserving quantization (OPQ) to address the distributional mismatch induced by outlier weights in block-wise quantization. By storing outlier weights in 16-bit precision (OPQ) while applying BOF4-S, we achieve top performance among 4-bit block-wise quantization techniques w.r.t. perplexity.