Do LLM Agents Have Regret? A Case Study in Online Learning and Games

📄 arXiv: 2403.16843v5 📥 PDF

作者: Chanwoo Park, Xiangyu Liu, Asuman Ozdaglar, Kaiqing Zhang

分类: cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.GT

发布日期: 2024-03-25 (更新: 2025-10-15)

备注: Camera ready version of ICLR 2025


💡 一句话要点

提出无监督的遗憾损失以提升LLM代理的决策性能

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 大型语言模型 决策优化 在线学习 博弈论 无监督学习 遗憾损失 多代理系统

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有方法未能充分量化LLM代理在多代理环境中的决策性能,尤其是在交互式场景中。
  2. 论文提出了一种新的无监督训练损失“遗憾损失”,旨在提升LLM代理的无遗憾行为,避免对标签的依赖。
  3. 实验结果显示,遗憾损失在处理LLM代理的遗憾行为方面表现出显著的有效性,尤其是在复杂场景中。

📝 摘要(中文)

大型语言模型(LLMs)在交互式决策中逐渐被应用于自主代理的开发。尽管取得了一定成功,但LLM代理在多代理环境中的决策性能尚未通过量化指标充分研究。为此,本文通过研究LLM代理在在线学习和博弈论中的互动,提出了以“遗憾”为性能指标的研究框架。我们首先实证研究了LLM在经典在线学习问题中的无遗憾行为,以及在重复博弈中出现的均衡。随后,我们提出了一种新的无监督训练损失“遗憾损失”,并建立了其统计泛化界限的保证,实验结果表明该方法在解决LLM代理的遗憾问题上具有有效性。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决LLM代理在多代理环境中的决策性能不足,尤其是未能实现无遗憾行为的问题。现有方法主要依赖于监督学习,缺乏对无遗憾行为的量化分析。

核心思路:论文提出了一种新的无监督训练损失“遗憾损失”,该方法不需要标签,旨在促进LLM代理的无遗憾行为,增强其在动态环境中的决策能力。

技术框架:整体架构包括两个主要阶段:首先是对LLM在经典在线学习问题中的无遗憾行为进行实证研究,其次是通过遗憾损失进行无监督训练,以优化LLM的决策策略。

关键创新:最重要的技术创新是提出了遗憾损失这一新型损失函数,与传统的监督学习损失相比,它不依赖于标签,能够有效促进LLM代理的无遗憾行为。

关键设计:在设计中,遗憾损失的优化过程与已知的无遗憾学习算法相结合,确保了在特定假设下的统计泛化界限,同时通过实验验证了该方法在复杂博弈中的有效性。

📊 实验亮点

实验结果表明,采用遗憾损失的LLM代理在多次博弈中显著减少了遗憾行为,相较于基线方法提升了决策性能,尤其在复杂场景中表现出更优的均衡策略。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括智能决策系统、自动化博弈代理以及多智能体系统等。通过提升LLM代理的决策性能,能够在更复杂的交互式环境中实现更高效的决策,具有重要的实际价值和未来影响。

📄 摘要(原文)

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly employed for (interactive) decision-making, via the development of LLM-based autonomous agents. Despite their emerging successes, the performance of LLM agents in decision-making has not been fully investigated through quantitative metrics, especially in the multi-agent setting when they interact with each other, a typical scenario in real-world LLM-agent applications. To better understand the limits of LLM agents in these interactive environments, we propose to study their interactions in benchmark decision-making settings in online learning and game theory, through the performance metric of \emph{regret}. We first empirically study the {no-regret} behaviors of LLMs in canonical (non-stationary) online learning problems, as well as the emergence of equilibria when LLM agents interact through playing repeated games. We then provide some theoretical insights into the no-regret behaviors of LLM agents, under certain assumptions on the supervised pre-training and the rationality model of human decision-makers who generate the data. Notably, we also identify (simple) cases where advanced LLMs such as GPT-4 fail to be no-regret. To promote the no-regret behaviors, we propose a novel \emph{unsupervised} training loss of \emph{regret-loss}, which, in contrast to the supervised pre-training loss, does not require the labels of (optimal) actions. We then establish the statistical guarantee of generalization bound for regret-loss minimization, followed by the optimization guarantee that minimizing such a loss may automatically lead to known no-regret learning algorithms. Our further experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our regret-loss, especially in addressing the above ``regrettable'' cases.