Evaluating Large Language Models as Virtual Annotators for Time-series Physical Sensing Data
作者: Aritra Hota, Soumyajit Chatterjee, Sandip Chakraborty
分类: cs.LG, eess.SP
发布日期: 2024-03-02 (更新: 2024-04-14)
期刊: ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology 2024
DOI: 10.1145/3696461
💡 一句话要点
利用大型语言模型作为虚拟标注者解决时间序列数据标注问题
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)
关键词: 大型语言模型 虚拟标注 时间序列数据 自监督学习 数据标注 机器学习 传感器数据
📋 核心要点
- 现有的人机协作标注方法依赖于其他模态数据,导致成本高、效率低和隐私问题。
- 本文提出利用大型语言模型直接对原始传感器数据进行标注,避免传统方法的缺陷。
- 实验结果显示,使用自监督学习编码的时间序列数据,LLM的标注准确性显著提高,且无需复杂的微调。
📝 摘要(中文)
传统的人机协作标注时间序列数据(如惯性数据)通常需要依赖视频或音频等其他模态的信息,这使得标注过程面临成本、效率、存储、时间、可扩展性和隐私等多重挑战。本文探讨了使用大型语言模型(LLMs)作为虚拟标注者的可能性,直接对原始传感器数据进行标注,避免了传统方法的缺陷。研究分为两个阶段:首先分析LLM在理解原始传感器数据时的挑战,其次利用最先进的自监督学习(SSL)方法对原始数据进行编码,并通过投影后的时间序列数据获取LLM的标注。实验结果表明,SSL编码和基于度量的指导使得LLM能够做出更合理的决策,提供准确的标注,而无需昂贵的微调或复杂的提示工程。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决传统人机协作标注时间序列物理传感数据的效率和成本问题。现有方法依赖其他模态数据,导致标注过程复杂且低效。
核心思路:论文提出将大型语言模型(LLMs)作为虚拟标注者,直接处理原始传感器数据,利用其在自然语言处理之外的能力进行标注。
技术框架:研究分为两个主要阶段:第一阶段分析LLM在理解原始传感器数据时的挑战,第二阶段采用自监督学习(SSL)方法对数据进行编码,并利用编码后的数据获取LLM的标注。
关键创新:最重要的创新在于将SSL编码与LLM结合,允许模型在不进行昂贵的微调的情况下,直接对原始数据进行有效标注,这与传统方法有本质区别。
关键设计:在实验中,采用了四个基准的HAR数据集,使用SSL方法对原始数据进行编码,并通过度量指导来提升LLM的标注准确性,确保模型能够做出合理的决策。
🖼️ 关键图片
📊 实验亮点
实验结果表明,使用自监督学习编码的时间序列数据,LLM的标注准确率显著提高,尤其在四个基准HAR数据集上,标注效果优于传统方法,且无需复杂的微调,提升幅度明显。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用领域包括智能监控、健康监测和运动分析等,能够显著提高时间序列数据的标注效率和准确性。未来,随着LLMs的进一步发展,可能会在更多领域实现自动化标注,降低人工成本,提升数据处理能力。
📄 摘要(原文)
Traditional human-in-the-loop-based annotation for time-series data like inertial data often requires access to alternate modalities like video or audio from the environment. These alternate sources provide the necessary information to the human annotator, as the raw numeric data is often too obfuscated even for an expert. However, this traditional approach has many concerns surrounding overall cost, efficiency, storage of additional modalities, time, scalability, and privacy. Interestingly, recent large language models (LLMs) are also trained with vast amounts of publicly available alphanumeric data, which allows them to comprehend and perform well on tasks beyond natural language processing. Naturally, this opens up a potential avenue to explore LLMs as virtual annotators where the LLMs will be directly provided the raw sensor data for annotation instead of relying on any alternate modality. Naturally, this could mitigate the problems of the traditional human-in-the-loop approach. Motivated by this observation, we perform a detailed study in this paper to assess whether the state-of-the-art (SOTA) LLMs can be used as virtual annotators for labeling time-series physical sensing data. To perform this in a principled manner, we segregate the study into two major phases. In the first phase, we investigate the challenges an LLM like GPT-4 faces in comprehending raw sensor data. Considering the observations from phase 1, in the next phase, we investigate the possibility of encoding the raw sensor data using SOTA SSL approaches and utilizing the projected time-series data to get annotations from the LLM. Detailed evaluation with four benchmark HAR datasets shows that SSL-based encoding and metric-based guidance allow the LLM to make more reasonable decisions and provide accurate annotations without requiring computationally expensive fine-tuning or sophisticated prompt engineering.