Trained Without My Consent: Detecting Code Inclusion In Language Models Trained on Code

📄 arXiv: 2402.09299v4 📥 PDF

作者: Vahid Majdinasab, Amin Nikanjam, Foutse Khomh

分类: cs.SE, cs.LG

发布日期: 2024-02-14 (更新: 2024-10-30)

备注: Accepted for publication in TOSEM (ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology)

DOI: 10.1145/3702980


💡 一句话要点

提出TraWiC以解决代码审计中的版权问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 代码审计 版权保护 大型语言模型 代码检测 机器学习 知识产权 成员推断

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的代码审计方法在面对大型语言模型训练数据集的版权问题时,难以有效判断是否包含受保护代码。
  2. 本文提出的TraWiC方法通过提取程序的语法和语义标识符,构建分类器来检测代码是否包含在LLM的训练数据集中。
  3. 实验结果显示,TraWiC在检测代码方面的准确率达到83.87%,显著高于传统工具NiCad的47.64%。

📝 摘要(中文)

代码审计确保开发的代码符合标准、法规和版权保护,验证其不包含受保护来源的代码。随着大型语言模型(LLMs)作为编码助手的出现,代码审计面临新的挑战。由于这些模型的训练数据集主要来自公开来源,开发者的代码可能已被包含在内,导致知识产权侵权问题。传统的代码克隆检测方法在这种情况下不足以可靠地判断版权侵权。为此,本文提出了一种新方法TraWiC,基于成员推断的模型无关且可解释的方法,用于检测LLM训练数据集中的代码包含情况。实验表明,TraWiC能够检测到83.87%的训练代码,而现有的克隆检测工具NiCad仅能检测到47.64%。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决在大型语言模型(LLMs)训练过程中,如何有效检测训练数据集中是否包含受版权保护的代码。现有的代码克隆检测方法在缺乏训练数据集透明度的情况下,无法可靠地判断版权侵权,导致审计过程中的困难。

核心思路:TraWiC方法基于成员推断,通过提取每个程序独特的语法和语义标识符,训练分类器来识别代码的包含情况。这种设计使得方法能够在不依赖于具体模型的情况下进行有效检测。

技术框架:TraWiC的整体架构包括数据预处理、特征提取、分类器训练和检测四个主要模块。首先,从待审计代码中提取特征,然后使用这些特征训练分类器,最后进行代码包含检测。

关键创新:TraWiC的主要创新在于其模型无关性和可解释性,能够有效识别训练数据集中的代码包含情况,且相比传统方法具有更高的检测准确率。

关键设计:在特征提取阶段,TraWiC提取了多种语法和语义特征,分类器使用了适当的损失函数以优化检测性能。具体的网络结构和参数设置在实验中经过调优,以确保最佳的检测效果。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

TraWiC在实验中表现出色,能够检测到83.87%的训练代码,而现有的克隆检测工具NiCad仅能检测到47.64%。这一显著提升展示了TraWiC在代码审计中的潜力,尤其是在处理大型语言模型时的应用价值。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括软件开发中的代码审计、知识产权保护以及大型语言模型的合规性检查。TraWiC的有效性为开发者提供了一种新的工具,以确保其代码不侵犯他人的版权,具有重要的实际价值和未来影响。

📄 摘要(原文)

Code auditing ensures that the developed code adheres to standards, regulations, and copyright protection by verifying that it does not contain code from protected sources. The recent advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) as coding assistants in the software development process poses new challenges for code auditing. The dataset for training these models is mainly collected from publicly available sources. This raises the issue of intellectual property infringement as developers' codes are already included in the dataset. Therefore, auditing code developed using LLMs is challenging, as it is difficult to reliably assert if an LLM used during development has been trained on specific copyrighted codes, given that we do not have access to the training datasets of these models. Given the non-disclosure of the training datasets, traditional approaches such as code clone detection are insufficient for asserting copyright infringement. To address this challenge, we propose a new approach, TraWiC; a model-agnostic and interpretable method based on membership inference for detecting code inclusion in an LLM's training dataset. We extract syntactic and semantic identifiers unique to each program to train a classifier for detecting code inclusion. In our experiments, we observe that TraWiC is capable of detecting 83.87% of codes that were used to train an LLM. In comparison, the prevalent clone detection tool NiCad is only capable of detecting 47.64%. In addition to its remarkable performance, TraWiC has low resource overhead in contrast to pair-wise clone detection that is conducted during the auditing process of tools like CodeWhisperer reference tracker, across thousands of code snippets.