Tacit algorithmic collusion in deep reinforcement learning guided price competition: A study using EV charge pricing game
作者: Diwas Paudel, Tapas K. Das
分类: cs.LG, cs.AI, econ.GN, eess.SY
发布日期: 2024-01-25 (更新: 2024-05-10)
💡 一句话要点
提出基于深度强化学习的电动车充电定价博弈以解决算法性默契合谋问题
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)
关键词: 深度强化学习 电动车充电 定价博弈 算法性合谋 多智能体系统 市场竞争 反垄断政策
📋 核心要点
- 现有研究对AI引导的定价博弈中默契合谋的程度存在争议,缺乏针对实际应用场景的深入分析。
- 本文提出一种两步数据驱动的方法,结合随机模型和多智能体深度强化学习,生成电动车充电枢纽的定价策略。
- 实验结果显示,所提出的定价策略在默契合谋指数上表现出0.14到0.45的范围,表明存在一定程度的合谋现象。
📝 摘要(中文)
在定价博弈中,越来越多的玩家采用人工智能辅助学习算法来制定定价决策,以最大化利润。这引发了反垄断机构的担忧,因为使用AI可能促进独立玩家之间的算法性默契合谋。本文通过研究电动车充电枢纽的动态定价竞争,探讨了这一问题。我们开发了一个两步数据驱动的方法论,首先通过解决随机模型获得日内承诺,其次利用多智能体深度强化学习框架生成定价策略。通过评估得出的定价策略,我们发现默契合谋指数在0.14到0.45之间,表明存在低到中等水平的合谋。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决电动车充电枢纽在动态定价博弈中可能出现的算法性默契合谋问题。现有方法对这一现象的理解不足,缺乏实证分析。
核心思路:通过构建一个实际的电动车充电定价博弈模型,结合多智能体深度强化学习,探索如何在竞争中实现利润最大化,同时评估合谋的可能性。
技术框架:整体方法分为两个主要阶段:第一阶段通过解决随机模型获得日内电力承诺,第二阶段利用竞争性马尔可夫决策过程模型生成定价策略。
关键创新:本研究的创新在于将多智能体深度强化学习应用于电动车充电定价博弈中,并通过合谋指数评估策略效果,填补了现有研究的空白。
关键设计:在模型中,采用了多智能体架构和竞争性马尔可夫决策过程,设置了合适的损失函数和奖励机制,以确保智能体能够有效学习并优化定价策略。具体参数设置和网络结构细节在论文中进行了详细描述。
🖼️ 关键图片
📊 实验亮点
实验结果表明,所提出的定价策略在默契合谋指数上达到了0.14到0.45,显示出低到中等水平的合谋现象。这一结果为理解AI在定价博弈中的作用提供了实证依据,并为反垄断政策的制定提供了参考。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用领域包括电动车充电基础设施的定价策略优化,能够为充电站运营商提供科学的定价决策支持。随着电动车普及,研究成果将对市场竞争和消费者利益产生深远影响。
📄 摘要(原文)
Players in pricing games with complex structures are increasingly adopting artificial intelligence (AI) aided learning algorithms to make pricing decisions for maximizing profits. This is raising concern for the antitrust agencies as the practice of using AI may promote tacit algorithmic collusion among otherwise independent players. Recent studies of games in canonical forms have shown contrasting claims ranging from none to a high level of tacit collusion among AI-guided players. In this paper, we examine the concern for tacit collusion by considering a practical game where EV charging hubs compete by dynamically varying their prices. Such a game is likely to be commonplace in the near future as EV adoption grows in all sectors of transportation. The hubs source power from the day-ahead (DA) and real-time (RT) electricity markets as well as from in-house battery storage systems. Their goal is to maximize profits via pricing and efficiently managing the cost of power usage. To aid our examination, we develop a two-step data-driven methodology. The first step obtains the DA commitment by solving a stochastic model. The second step generates the pricing strategies by solving a competitive Markov decision process model using a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) framework. We evaluate the resulting pricing strategies using an index for the level of tacit algorithmic collusion. An index value of zero indicates no collusion (perfect competition) and one indicates full collusion (monopolistic behavior). Results from our numerical case study yield collusion index values between 0.14 and 0.45, suggesting a low to moderate level of collusion.