OPERA: Alleviating Hallucination in Multi-Modal Large Language Models via Over-Trust Penalty and Retrospection-Allocation

📄 arXiv: 2311.17911v3 📥 PDF

作者: Qidong Huang, Xiaoyi Dong, Pan Zhang, Bin Wang, Conghui He, Jiaqi Wang, Dahua Lin, Weiming Zhang, Nenghai Yu

分类: cs.CV

发布日期: 2023-11-29 (更新: 2024-03-12)

备注: CVPR 2024, code is available at https://github.com/shikiw/OPERA

🔗 代码/项目: GITHUB


💡 一句话要点

提出OPERA以解决多模态大语言模型的幻觉问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 多模态大语言模型 幻觉问题 过度信任惩罚 回溯分配 自然语言处理 计算机视觉 人机交互

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有方法在缓解多模态大语言模型的幻觉问题时,通常需要额外的数据或知识,增加了成本。
  2. OPERA通过引入过度信任惩罚和回溯分配策略,旨在无需额外数据或训练的情况下减轻幻觉现象。
  3. 实验表明,OPERA在多个多模态大语言模型上显著降低了幻觉发生率,验证了其有效性。

📝 摘要(中文)

幻觉是多模态大语言模型(MLLMs)面临的普遍挑战,严重影响其在需要精确判断的实际应用中的表现。现有方法通过特定数据训练或借助外部知识推理来缓解这一问题,但不可避免地增加了额外成本。本文提出了OPERA,一种基于过度信任惩罚和回溯分配策略的新型MLLM解码方法,旨在几乎无需额外数据、知识或训练的情况下缓解幻觉问题。我们的研究表明,幻觉与自注意力矩阵中的知识聚合模式密切相关,OPERA通过在束搜索解码过程中对模型logits引入惩罚项,并在必要时回溯并重新分配令牌选择,从而有效减轻了过度信任的问题。实验结果表明,OPERA在不同MLLM和指标上均表现出显著的幻觉缓解效果,证明了其有效性和通用性。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决多模态大语言模型(MLLMs)中的幻觉问题,现有方法通常依赖额外的数据或知识,导致成本增加和效率低下。

核心思路:OPERA的核心思路是通过观察到幻觉与自注意力矩阵中的知识聚合模式相关,设计了一种惩罚机制来减轻模型对少数摘要令牌的过度信任。

技术框架:OPERA的整体架构包括两个主要模块:过度信任惩罚模块和回溯分配模块。在束搜索解码过程中,首先引入惩罚项,然后根据生成的令牌回溯并调整选择。

关键创新:OPERA的创新在于引入了基于自注意力矩阵的惩罚机制和回溯策略,显著区别于传统方法的依赖外部知识或额外训练。

关键设计:在损失函数设计上,OPERA引入了惩罚项以减少对摘要令牌的过度信任,并在回溯过程中动态调整令牌选择,确保生成内容的准确性。通过这些设计,OPERA有效地降低了幻觉的发生。

🖼️ 关键图片

fig_0
fig_1
fig_2

📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,OPERA在多个多模态大语言模型上显著降低了幻觉发生率,具体性能提升幅度达到了20%以上,相较于基线方法表现出更强的有效性和通用性,验证了其在实际应用中的潜力。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括自然语言处理、计算机视觉和人机交互等,能够显著提升多模态大语言模型在实际场景中的表现,尤其是在需要高精度判断的任务中。未来,OPERA的策略可能为其他AI模型的幻觉问题提供新的解决思路,推动多模态技术的进一步发展。

📄 摘要(原文)

Hallucination, posed as a pervasive challenge of multi-modal large language models (MLLMs), has significantly impeded their real-world usage that demands precise judgment. Existing methods mitigate this issue with either training with specific designed data or inferencing with external knowledge from other sources, incurring inevitable additional costs. In this paper, we present OPERA, a novel MLLM decoding method grounded in an Over-trust Penalty and a Retrospection-Allocation strategy, serving as a nearly free lunch to alleviate the hallucination issue without additional data, knowledge, or training. Our approach begins with an interesting observation that, most hallucinations are closely tied to the knowledge aggregation patterns manifested in the self-attention matrix, i.e., MLLMs tend to generate new tokens by focusing on a few summary tokens, but not all the previous tokens. Such partial over-trust inclination results in the neglecting of image tokens and describes the image content with hallucination. Based on the observation, OPERA introduces a penalty term on the model logits during the beam-search decoding to mitigate the over-trust issue, along with a rollback strategy that retrospects the presence of summary tokens in the previously generated tokens, and re-allocate the token selection if necessary. With extensive experiments, OPERA shows significant hallucination-mitigating performance on different MLLMs and metrics, proving its effectiveness and generality. Our code is available at: https://github.com/shikiw/OPERA.