Who Owns the AI Recommendation? A Multi-Industry Empirical Map of Brand Category Ownership Across Large Language Models

📄 arXiv: 2606.23057v1 📥 PDF

作者: Dmitrij Żatuchin

分类: cs.IR, cs.CL, cs.CY, cs.LG

发布日期: 2026-06-22

备注: 21 pages, 4 figures, 7 tables. Under review at Journal of Marketing Analytics (Palgrave Macmillan). Data and analysis code on Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20788142


💡 一句话要点

提出三项指标以分析AI推荐中的品牌所有权问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: AI推荐 品牌所有权 竞争分析 大型语言模型 市场营销 实证研究

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有研究缺乏对AI推荐中品牌所有权的系统性实证分析,导致品牌在竞争中的地位不明确。
  2. 本文提出了类别所有权指数、竞争真空指数和替代评分三项指标,以量化品牌在AI推荐中的表现和集中度。
  3. 实验结果显示推荐集中度适中,竞争真空现象仅在8%的查询中出现,且不同模型的推荐一致性较低。

📝 摘要(中文)

大型语言模型在产品和服务的发现中扮演着重要角色,因此AI生成推荐的竞争结构成为品牌的战略关注点。本文通过对3750个响应的实证研究,提出了三项探索性指标:类别所有权指数(COI)、竞争真空指数(CVI)和替代评分(DS),以评估品牌在不同类别中的推荐情况。研究发现,推荐集中度适中,竞争真空现象较少,且不同模型之间的推荐一致性较低。这些结果挑战了关于AI推荐的赢家通吃叙事,并为未来的竞争情报分析提供了可重复的程序。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决在AI推荐中品牌所有权的集中度和推荐一致性问题。现有方法未能提供大规模的实证答案,导致品牌在市场中的竞争地位不清晰。

核心思路:通过对3750个响应的分析,提出三项指标(COI、CVI、DS)来量化品牌在不同类别中的推荐情况,从而揭示品牌在AI推荐中的竞争结构。

技术框架:研究基于三个大型语言模型(GPT-5.2、Google Gemini 3 Flash和Perplexity sonar-pro),对250个无品牌类别查询进行五次重复实验,确保结果的稳定性。

关键创新:提出的三项指标为品牌在AI推荐中的竞争分析提供了新的视角,尤其是竞争真空指数(CVI)和替代评分(DS)在量化品牌替代关系方面具有创新性。

关键设计:研究中使用的指标设计包括类别所有权指数(COI)计算品牌在类别中的提及份额,竞争真空指数(CVI)识别无单一领导品牌的类别,以及替代评分(DS)量化品牌之间的非对称替代关系。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,推荐集中度的平均基尼系数为0.28,低于设定的0.60阈值,且竞争真空现象仅在8%的查询中出现。不同模型对顶级推荐品牌的一致性为41.6%,显示出品牌推荐的多样性和复杂性。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括市场营销、品牌管理和竞争情报分析。通过量化品牌在AI推荐中的表现,品牌可以更好地制定战略,优化其市场定位和广告投放,提升竞争力。未来,随着AI技术的不断发展,这些指标可能会被广泛应用于多种行业的品牌分析中。

📄 摘要(原文)

Large language models now mediate how buyers discover products and services, making the competitive structure of AI-generated recommendations a strategic concern for brands. A basic question has lacked large-scale empirical answers: in a given category, which brand does a model recommend, and how concentrated is that ownership? Across 3,750 responses spanning 50 brands, five industries, and 250 brand-free category queries on three models (GPT-5.2, Google Gemini 3 Flash, and Perplexity sonar-pro), each query repeated five times under a dice-roll stability protocol, we propose three exploratory metrics: the Category Ownership Index (COI), a brand's share of mentions within a category; the Competitive Vacuum Index (CVI), flagging categories with no single leader; and the Displacement Score (DS), quantifying asymmetric substitution between brand pairs. In this sample, recommendation concentration was moderate: the mean Gini coefficient was 0.28 (95% CI [0.16, 0.41]), below the 0.60 power-law threshold we set. Competitive vacuums were rare, appearing in 8.0% of queries, so the models named at least one sampled brand in most cases. Cross-model agreement on the top-recommended brand was 41.6%: a top position on one model did not reliably hold on another. Displacement was industry-dependent, from co-recommendation in consulting (0.4:1) to one-directional substitution up to 4.3:1, with an unweighted mean of 2.4:1 across the five industries. A BERTopic check placed only 4.2% of discovered topic clusters outside the original categories. Within the scope studied, these results sit in tension with a strong winner-takes-all narrative around AI recommendation, and the three metrics offer a candidate, reproducible procedure for competitive-intelligence analysis that future work can validate.