EnvGen: Generating and Adapting Environments via LLMs for Training Embodied Agents

📄 arXiv: 2403.12014v2 📥 PDF

作者: Abhay Zala, Jaemin Cho, Han Lin, Jaehong Yoon, Mohit Bansal

分类: cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG

发布日期: 2024-03-18 (更新: 2024-07-12)

备注: COLM 2024; First two authors contributed equally; Project website: https://envgen-llm.github.io/


💡 一句话要点

提出EnvGen框架以生成和适应环境训练智能体

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture) 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 环境生成 强化学习 大型语言模型 智能体训练 动态适应 任务学习 效率提升

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有方法在使用大型语言模型作为智能体时,频繁调用导致效率低下和成本高昂。
  2. EnvGen框架通过LLMs生成和适应训练环境,帮助小型RL智能体更有效地学习技能。
  3. 实验表明,使用EnvGen训练的智能体在长时间任务上显著快于现有方法,并且动态环境适应优于传统的课程学习方法。

📝 摘要(中文)

近年来,基于交互的具身学习方法直接使用大型语言模型(LLMs)作为智能体来决定环境中的下一步。然而,频繁调用LLMs既慢又昂贵。本文提出EnvGen框架,通过利用LLMs的推理能力,适应性地生成训练环境,帮助较小的强化学习(RL)智能体学习其薄弱技能。EnvGen通过生成不同的环境配置,并根据智能体的表现持续调整这些环境,显著提高了小型RL智能体的学习效率和任务完成速度。实验结果表明,使用EnvGen训练的智能体在Crafter和Heist环境中表现优于现有最先进的方法,包括GPT-4智能体。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决使用大型语言模型(LLMs)作为智能体时的效率和成本问题。现有方法频繁调用LLMs,导致训练过程缓慢且昂贵。

核心思路:EnvGen框架利用LLMs的推理能力,生成适应性训练环境,帮助小型强化学习(RL)智能体学习其薄弱技能。通过反馈机制,LLMs可以根据智能体的表现动态调整环境配置。

技术框架:EnvGen的整体架构包括两个主要阶段:首先,使用LLMs生成训练环境配置;其次,在原始环境和LLM生成的环境中训练RL智能体,并根据智能体的反馈不断调整环境。

关键创新:EnvGen的核心创新在于将LLMs用于环境生成和适应,而非直接作为智能体。这种方法显著减少了对LLMs的调用次数,提高了训练效率。

关键设计:在EnvGen中,环境配置的生成依赖于任务描述和模拟目标,关键参数设置包括环境的多样性和适应性反馈机制,以确保智能体能够在不同配置中有效学习。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

在Crafter和Heist环境中的实验结果显示,使用EnvGen训练的RL智能体在长时间任务上显著快于现有最先进的方法,包括GPT-4智能体。具体而言,EnvGen仅需4次LLM调用,而传统方法需数千次调用,显示出其在效率上的显著提升。

🎯 应用场景

EnvGen框架具有广泛的应用潜力,尤其在机器人训练、游戏开发和智能体学习等领域。通过生成和适应训练环境,EnvGen可以帮助智能体更快地掌握复杂任务,提高学习效率,推动智能体在现实世界中的应用。未来,EnvGen可能会影响如何设计和优化智能体的学习过程,促进更智能的自动化系统的发展。

📄 摘要(原文)

Recent SOTA approaches for embodied learning via interaction directly employ large language models (LLMs) as agents to determine the next steps in an environment. Due to their world knowledge and reasoning capabilities, LLM agents achieve stronger performance than previous smaller agents based on reinforcement learning (RL); however, frequently calling LLMs is slow and expensive. Instead of directly employing LLMs as agents, can we use LLMs' reasoning capabilities to adaptively create training environments to help smaller RL agents learn useful skills that they are weak at? We propose EnvGen, a novel framework to address this question. We first prompt an LLM to generate training environments by giving it the task description and simulator objectives that the agents should learn and then asking it to generate a set of environment configurations (e.g., different terrains, items initially given to agents, etc.). Next, we train a small RL agent in a mixture of the original and LLM-generated environments. Then, we enable the LLM to continuously adapt the generated environments to progressively improve the skills that the agent is weak at, by providing feedback to the LLM in the form of the agent's performance. We demonstrate the usefulness of EnvGen with comprehensive experiments in Crafter and Heist environments. We find that a small RL agent trained with EnvGen can outperform SOTA methods, including a GPT-4 agent, and learns long-horizon tasks significantly faster. We also show that using an LLM to adapt environments dynamically outperforms curriculum learning approaches and how the environments are adapted to help improve RL agents' weaker skills over time. Additionally, EnvGen is substantially more efficient as it only uses a small number of LLM calls (e.g., 4 in total), whereas LLM agents require thousands of calls. Lastly, we present detailed ablation studies for EnvGen design choices.