Grasping the Essentials: Tailoring Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Relation Extraction

📄 arXiv: 2402.11142v2 📥 PDF

作者: Sizhe Zhou, Yu Meng, Bowen Jin, Jiawei Han

分类: cs.CL

发布日期: 2024-02-17 (更新: 2024-10-25)

备注: 25 pages, 20 Tables, 9 Figures; Accepted to EMNLP 2024


💡 一句话要点

提出REPaL以解决零-shot关系抽取中的标注需求问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 关系抽取 零-shot学习 自然语言处理 小型语言模型 信息抽取 知识图谱 模型微调

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有关系抽取模型依赖大量标注数据,收集过程成本高且耗时,且在新关系上适应性差。
  2. 本文提出REPaL框架,通过自然语言定义生成种子实例,微调小型语言模型,并利用反馈扩展模式覆盖。
  3. 在两个数据集上的实验结果显示,REPaL显著提高了零-shot关系抽取的性能,提升幅度明显。

📝 摘要(中文)

关系抽取(RE)旨在识别文本中实体之间的语义关系。尽管已有显著进展,现有模型仍需大量标注数据,收集过程既昂贵又耗时。此外,这些模型在适应新关系时常常表现不佳。为减少标注需求,本文提出了一种仅依赖自然语言定义的零-shot RE设置,开发了REPaL框架。该框架通过三个阶段生成初始种子实例、微调小型语言模型,并整合反馈以扩展模式覆盖。实验表明,REPaL在两个数据集上显著提升了零-shot性能。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文解决的是关系抽取任务中对大量标注数据的依赖问题。现有方法在新关系上适应性差,且标注过程昂贵且耗时。

核心思路:论文提出了一种仅依赖自然语言定义的零-shot关系抽取方法,旨在通过生成初始种子实例来减少对标注数据的需求。

技术框架:REPaL框架分为三个阶段:第一阶段利用大型语言模型从关系定义和未标注语料中生成初始种子实例;第二阶段微调双向小型语言模型以学习目标领域的关系;第三阶段通过整合模型预测的反馈和合成历史来扩展模式覆盖。

关键创新:REPaL的创新在于通过自然语言定义生成种子实例,并利用多轮对话能力生成新实例,从而有效减少标注需求并提高模式覆盖率。

关键设计:在模型训练中,采用了特定的损失函数和网络结构设计,以确保模型能够有效学习关系,同时在生成新实例时考虑反馈和合成历史。具体参数设置和网络结构细节在论文中进行了详细说明。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

在两个数据集上的实验结果表明,REPaL在零-shot关系抽取任务中显著提高了性能,相较于基线模型,性能提升幅度达到XX%,展示了其在成本效益上的优势。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括信息抽取、知识图谱构建和自然语言处理等。通过减少对标注数据的依赖,REPaL可以在数据稀缺的领域中有效应用,提升关系抽取的效率和准确性,具有重要的实际价值和未来影响。

📄 摘要(原文)

Relation extraction (RE) aims to identify semantic relationships between entities within text. Despite considerable advancements, existing models predominantly require extensive annotated training data, which is both costly and labor-intensive to collect. Moreover, these models often struggle to adapt to new or unseen relations. Few-shot learning, aiming to lessen annotation demands, typically provides incomplete and biased supervision for target relations, leading to degraded and unstable performance. To accurately and explicitly describe relation semantics while minimizing annotation demands, we explore the definition only zero-shot RE setting where only relation definitions expressed in natural language are used to train a RE model. We introduce REPaL, comprising three stages: (1) We leverage large language models (LLMs) to generate initial seed instances from relation definitions and an unlabeled corpus. (2) We fine-tune a bidirectional Small Language Model (SLM) with initial seeds to learn relations for the target domain. (3) We expand pattern coverage and mitigate bias from initial seeds by integrating feedback from the SLM's predictions on the unlabeled corpus and the synthesis history. To accomplish this, we leverage the multi-turn conversation ability of LLMs to generate new instances in follow-up dialogues, informed by both the feedback and synthesis history. Studies reveal that definition-oriented seed synthesis enhances pattern coverage whereas indiscriminately increasing seed quantity leads to performance saturation. Experiments on two datasets show REPaL significantly improved cost-effective zero-shot performance by large margins.