Exploring Defeasibility in Causal Reasoning

📄 arXiv: 2401.03183v2 📥 PDF

作者: Shaobo Cui, Lazar Milikic, Yiyang Feng, Mete Ismayilzada, Debjit Paul, Antoine Bosselut, Boi Faltings

分类: cs.CL

发布日期: 2024-01-06 (更新: 2024-06-27)

备注: Accepted by ACL 2024 (Findings)


💡 一句话要点

提出δ-CAUSAL数据集与CESAR指标以解决因果推理中的可否定性问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 因果推理 可否定性 数据集 因果强度 深度学习 自然语言处理 模型评估

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有因果推理方法未考虑可否定性,导致因果强度评估不准确。
  2. 提出δ-CAUSAL数据集和CESAR指标,以支持因果推理中的可否定性研究。
  3. CESAR指标在捕捉因果强度变化方面相较于现有方法提升了69.7%。

📝 摘要(中文)

因果推理中的可否定性意味着因果关系的强度可以通过支持者或反对者的引入而增强或减弱。然而,现有研究忽视了这一点,并未在可否定的环境中评估因果强度指标。本文提出了δ-CAUSAL,这是第一个用于研究因果推理中可否定性的基准数据集,包含约11K个事件,涵盖十个领域,展示了可否定的因果对。我们还提出了CESAR指标,基于token级别的因果关系测量因果强度,相较于现有指标,CESAR在捕捉因果强度变化方面实现了69.7%的相对提升,显示出当前大型语言模型在生成支持者和反对者时仍存在不足。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决因果推理中可否定性的问题,现有方法未能有效评估因果强度在支持者和反对者引入后的变化,导致因果关系的理解不够全面。

核心思路:提出δ-CAUSAL数据集,包含可否定的因果对,并设计CESAR指标,通过token级别的因果关系来测量因果强度,以更好地反映因果关系的变化。

技术框架:整体架构包括数据集构建和指标设计两个主要模块。数据集包含多领域的事件对,指标则通过深度学习模型分析因果关系的强度变化。

关键创新:最重要的创新在于引入了可否定性概念,并通过CESAR指标实现了对因果强度变化的有效捕捉,这与传统的因果强度指标有本质区别。

关键设计:CESAR指标采用了基于注意力机制的嵌入方法,关注token级别的因果关系,优化了损失函数以提高因果强度的评估准确性。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,CESAR指标在捕捉因果强度变化方面相较于现有指标提升了69.7%,从47.2%提高到80.1%。此外,即使是大型语言模型如GPT-3.5,在生成支持者和反对者时仍落后于人类4.5到10.7个百分点,突显了该领域的挑战性。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括社会科学、经济学和人工智能等领域,能够帮助研究人员更准确地理解因果关系的动态变化,从而在决策支持和政策制定中提供更有效的依据。未来,该方法可能推动因果推理研究的深入发展,促进相关领域的理论与实践结合。

📄 摘要(原文)

Defeasibility in causal reasoning implies that the causal relationship between cause and effect can be strengthened or weakened. Namely, the causal strength between cause and effect should increase or decrease with the incorporation of strengthening arguments (supporters) or weakening arguments (defeaters), respectively. However, existing works ignore defeasibility in causal reasoning and fail to evaluate existing causal strength metrics in defeasible settings. In this work, we present $δ$-CAUSAL, the first benchmark dataset for studying defeasibility in causal reasoning. $δ$-CAUSAL includes around 11K events spanning ten domains, featuring defeasible causality pairs, i.e., cause-effect pairs accompanied by supporters and defeaters. We further show current causal strength metrics fail to reflect the change of causal strength with the incorporation of supporters or defeaters in $δ$-CAUSAL. To this end, we propose CESAR (Causal Embedding aSsociation with Attention Rating), a metric that measures causal strength based on token-level causal relationships. CESAR achieves a significant 69.7% relative improvement over existing metrics, increasing from 47.2% to 80.1% in capturing the causal strength change brought by supporters and defeaters. We further demonstrate even Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-3.5 still lag 4.5 and 10.7 points behind humans in generating supporters and defeaters, emphasizing the challenge posed by $δ$-CAUSAL.