Do GNN-based QEC Decoders Require Classical Knowledge? Evaluating the Efficacy of Knowledge Distillation from MWPM

📄 arXiv: 2508.03782v1 📥 PDF

作者: Ryota Ikeda

分类: quant-ph, cs.AI

发布日期: 2025-08-05

备注: 5 pages, 1 figure, 1 table. Affiliation updated to match user registration


💡 一句话要点

评估GNN基础的量子纠错解码器是否需要经典知识

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)

关键词: 量子纠错 图神经网络 知识蒸馏 最小权重完美匹配 图注意力网络 量子计算 错误相关性

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的量子纠错解码器训练方法尚不成熟,导致性能提升有限。
  2. 本文提出通过知识蒸馏将经典算法的理论知识转移到GNN中,以提高解码器性能。
  3. 实验结果显示,知识蒸馏模型的训练损失收敛较慢,但最终准确率与基线模型相当,训练时间显著增加。

📝 摘要(中文)

量子纠错解码器的性能对实现实用量子计算机至关重要。近年来,图神经网络(GNN)作为一种有前景的方法逐渐受到关注,但其训练方法尚未成熟。本文通过比较基于图注意力网络(GAT)架构的两种模型,验证了从经典算法(如最小权重完美匹配,MWPM)向GNN转移理论知识的有效性。实验结果表明,知识蒸馏模型的最终测试准确率与基线模型相近,但训练损失收敛较慢,训练时间增加约五倍。这表明现代GNN架构能够高效地从真实硬件数据中学习复杂的错误相关性,而无需依赖近似理论模型的指导。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决量子纠错解码器训练方法不成熟的问题,现有方法在性能提升方面存在局限性,尤其是在复杂错误相关性的学习上。

核心思路:论文提出通过知识蒸馏的方式,将经典算法(MWPM)的理论知识融入GNN模型中,以期提高解码器的学习效率和性能。

技术框架:研究中使用了基于图注意力网络(GAT)的两种模型:一种是纯数据驱动的基线模型,仅使用真实标签进行训练;另一种则在此基础上增加了知识蒸馏损失,利用MWPM的理论错误概率作为指导。

关键创新:最重要的创新在于验证了现代GNN架构在无需经典知识指导的情况下,能够有效学习复杂的错误相关性。这与传统依赖经典算法的解码器方法形成鲜明对比。

关键设计:在模型设计中,知识蒸馏损失的引入是关键,尽管其导致训练时间增加约五倍,但最终的测试准确率与基线模型相近,显示出GNN的高效学习能力。具体的损失函数设计和网络结构细节在论文中有详细阐述。

📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,知识蒸馏模型的最终测试准确率与基线模型几乎相同,但训练损失收敛速度较慢,训练时间增加了约五倍。这表明GNN能够高效学习复杂的错误相关性,具有较强的实用价值。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括量子计算、量子通信和量子网络等。通过提升量子纠错解码器的性能,能够推动量子计算机的实用化进程,进而在信息处理、加密通信等领域产生深远影响。

📄 摘要(原文)

The performance of decoders in Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is key to realizing practical quantum computers. In recent years, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a promising approach, but their training methodologies are not yet well-established. It is generally expected that transferring theoretical knowledge from classical algorithms like Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) to GNNs, a technique known as knowledge distillation, can effectively improve performance. In this work, we test this hypothesis by rigorously comparing two models based on a Graph Attention Network (GAT) architecture that incorporates temporal information as node features. The first is a purely data-driven model (baseline) trained only on ground-truth labels, while the second incorporates a knowledge distillation loss based on the theoretical error probabilities from MWPM. Using public experimental data from Google, our evaluation reveals that while the final test accuracy of the knowledge distillation model was nearly identical to the baseline, its training loss converged more slowly, and the training time increased by a factor of approximately five. This result suggests that modern GNN architectures possess a high capacity to efficiently learn complex error correlations directly from real hardware data, without guidance from approximate theoretical models.