What are human values, and how do we align AI to them?

📄 arXiv: 2404.10636v2 📥 PDF

作者: Oliver Klingefjord, Ryan Lowe, Joe Edelman

分类: cs.CY, cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.HC, cs.LG

发布日期: 2024-03-27 (更新: 2024-04-17)


💡 一句话要点

提出道德图引导方法以解决AI与人类价值观对齐问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 人类价值观 AI对齐 道德图引导 大型语言模型 价值观整合 伦理AI 社会科学

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有方法在如何将人类多样化的价值观有效整合为AI模型的对齐目标方面存在挑战。
  2. 论文提出道德图引导(MGE)方法,通过大型语言模型采访参与者,系统性地引出和整合价值观。
  3. 实验结果显示,89.1%的参与者认为该过程能很好地代表他们的价值观,且89%认为最终的道德图是公平的。

📝 摘要(中文)

随着对AI系统与人类价值观对齐的共识逐渐形成,如何在实践中应用这一理念仍不明确。本文将“对齐人类价值观”的问题分为三个部分:从人们那里引出价值观、将这些价值观整合为机器学习模型的对齐目标,以及实际训练模型。我们重点关注前两部分,提出了一种名为道德图引导(Moral Graph Elicitation, MGE)的方法,通过大型语言模型采访参与者在特定情境下的价值观。我们在500名美国人中试验MGE,结果表明该方法在六个对齐标准上均表现良好,参与者普遍认为过程公平且具代表性。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决如何将人类价值观有效整合为AI模型的对齐目标的问题。现有方法在引出和整合多样化价值观方面存在不足,难以形成统一的对齐标准。

核心思路:论文的核心思路是通过道德图引导(MGE)方法,利用大型语言模型与参与者进行互动,系统性地提取和整合他们的价值观,以形成对齐目标。这样的设计旨在确保对齐目标能够真实反映人类的多样性和复杂性。

技术框架:MGE方法包括三个主要阶段:首先,通过大型语言模型与参与者进行对话,获取他们在特定情境下的价值观;其次,将收集到的价值观进行整合,形成道德图;最后,利用道德图作为对齐目标进行模型训练。

关键创新:最重要的技术创新点在于使用大型语言模型进行价值观的引导和整合,这一方法能够有效捕捉到参与者的真实想法,而不需要事先定义专家标准。与现有方法相比,MGE在代表性和公平性上有显著提升。

关键设计:在MGE过程中,采用了特定的对话策略以引导参与者深入思考其价值观,并通过投票机制整合不同观点,确保最终道德图的公平性和代表性。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,89.1%的参与者认为MGE过程能够很好地代表他们的价值观,且89%的参与者认为最终的道德图是公平的。这表明MGE在提升模型对齐效果方面具有显著潜力,尤其是在处理复杂和敏感话题时。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括AI伦理、政策制定和社会科学研究。通过更好地对齐AI系统与人类价值观,可以提升AI在实际应用中的接受度和有效性,促进人机协作的和谐发展。未来,MGE方法可能在多种文化和社会背景下进行推广,进一步丰富AI系统的价值观基础。

📄 摘要(原文)

There is an emerging consensus that we need to align AI systems with human values (Gabriel, 2020; Ji et al., 2024), but it remains unclear how to apply this to language models in practice. We split the problem of "aligning to human values" into three parts: first, eliciting values from people; second, reconciling those values into an alignment target for training ML models; and third, actually training the model. In this paper, we focus on the first two parts, and ask the question: what are "good" ways to synthesize diverse human inputs about values into a target for aligning language models? To answer this question, we first define a set of 6 criteria that we believe must be satisfied for an alignment target to shape model behavior in accordance with human values. We then propose a process for eliciting and reconciling values called Moral Graph Elicitation (MGE), which uses a large language model to interview participants about their values in particular contexts; our approach is inspired by the philosophy of values advanced by Taylor (1977), Chang (2004), and others. We trial MGE with a representative sample of 500 Americans, on 3 intentionally divisive prompts (e.g. advice about abortion). Our results demonstrate that MGE is promising for improving model alignment across all 6 criteria. For example, almost all participants (89.1%) felt well represented by the process, and (89%) thought the final moral graph was fair, even if their value wasn't voted as the wisest. Our process often results in "expert" values (e.g. values from women who have solicited abortion advice) rising to the top of the moral graph, without defining who is considered an expert in advance.